1. Pulmonic egressive
English
at | [ʔaʔ] |
are | [ʔɑː] |
art | [ʔɑːʔ] or [ʔɑːth] |
tar | [thɑː] |
heart | [hɑːʔ] |
uh-uh | [ʔǝʔǝ] |
a-a | [ʔaʔa] |
2. Glottalic egressive (ejectives)
Amharic
p’ | [p’app’as] | ![]() |
‘church patriarch’ |
t’ | [t’ut] | ![]() |
‘breast’ |
k’ | [k’es] | ![]() |
‘priest’ |
s’ | [s’om] | ![]() |
‘fast’ (n.) |
Navajo
[t’áá] | ‘just’ (adv.) | [tooh] | ‘large body of water’ |
[k’aaʔ] | ‘arrow’ | [ké] | ‘shoe’ |
[ts’in] | ‘bone’ |
|
‘mile’ |
[ts’aaʔ] | ‘basket’ | [tsah] | ‘needle’ |
3. Glottalic ingressive (implosives)
Sindhi
[ɓarʊ ] | ![]() |
‘child’ |
|
![]() |
‘shoes’ |
[ɖarʊ] | ![]() |
‘crevice’ | [dʊnʊ] | ![]() |
’navel’ |
|
![]() |
‘heavy’ | [ɡano] | ![]() |
‘song’ |
4. Velaric ingressive (clicks)
Non-linguistic vocal sounds in English
bilabial | ‘kiss kiss’ |
|
dental | ‘tut tut’ | [| |] |
alveolar lateral | ‘gee up’ | [|| ||] |
postalveolar | ‘tick tock’ | [! !] |
Xhosa
[ukú|ola] | ‘to grind fine’ |
[ukú!oɓa] | ‘to break stones’ |
[ú||olo] | ‘peace’ |
[ukú||hoɓa] | ‘to arm oneself’ |